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above: Various motors by Baldor Electric Corp. One of the keys to maximizing life in electric motors is to learn from one's
premature failures. Use the Internet to research issues. Ask questions on topical
forums. Partner with a service shop and learn from the types of failures they
see and document. Then, take actions to prevent these failures from happening
to your other motors in similar applications. This might involve changing your
maintenance procedures. Perhaps you need to grease more or less, or use a more
compatible grease. Perhaps you need to identify voltage supply problems (for
instance, if you have bearing fluting from an adjustable speed drive). 2nd,
check to see if contamination and water are getting into the motors. If either
one of these is an issue, do you have the right enclosure? Does the enclosure
need a higher level of environmental protection? If so, look into severe duty,
IEEE 841 or washdown motors. Finally, if you want to maximize service life,
empower the plant maintenance and purchasing folks to buy better motors that
will last longer and reduce energy consumption for years. Buying the lowest-cost
item doesn’t always equate to the lowest life cost. Studies show that a motor
purchase price is only 2 percent of its total life-cycle cost.
Basics of Variable-Speed Drives (VSD) and Power Electronics
above: Dayton Adjustable Frequency AC Drive - 1KBT7.
above: "Vector" series drives by Lenze. The modular range of 8200 vector
frequency inverters in the power range from 0.25 to 90 kW provides a complete
and consistent solution with everything you may need to facilitate operation,
handling, diagnostics and communication. Pluggable function modules can be used
to integrate the 8200 vector into the control and automation world of your machine
or plant. The compact dimensions save you space in the control cabinet. Top of page
Electronics students ... we have just set up this ...
above: Cutaway model motor from Emerson Corp. They advise: To maximize motor life, focus on proper lubrication and temperature. In regard to proper lubrication, bearings must receive not only a good, quality lubricant but the correct quantity at the proper intervals in order to obtain optimum life and reliability. Under- or over-greasing can be detrimental to reliability. Under-greasing does not provide the lubricant at the time it is needed, resulting in bearing wear or heat damage. Over-greasing can damage shields or significantly increase operating temperatures due to fluid shear friction. This reduces the grease’s lubricating capability. Oil-lubricated bearings must have the correct type and viscosity of oil for the same reasons stated previously. Closely follow manufacturer’s recommendations for lubrication types, amounts and schedules. In regard to temperature, this is the nemesis of electric motors. Overload, under-voltage, over-voltage, unbalanced voltage and improper ventilation can all work to increase the motor’s operating temperature. The overused rule of thumb is that motor life is cut in half for every increase of 10 degrees Celsius. Although the rule’s accuracy may be in question, it illustrates the point well. Any care given to mitigate the operating temperature will be rewarded with increased life and reliability. And, don’t make the mistake of increasing the rated capacity of a motor applied in a high ambient temperature environment to accommodate the winding temperature increase. Particularly on enclosed machines, this could result in unacceptable bearing operating temperatures, leading to early demise.
above: Question: What are these devices? Answer: Electric motor electromagnetic brakes (made by Germany's INTORQ)
above: ...and these are electromagnetic clutches--also by
INTORQ.
Student's and Professional's Guide to Power Generation and Delivery:
What it is...
Our new guide introduces the concepts of power generation and distribution.
The material is broken down into short segments which concentrate on
specific concepts or applications of particular types of equipment. The
detailed explanations are written in easy-to-understand language and concisely presents the needed knowledge. There are many illustrations and photographs which help to provide technical understanding and provide
real-world reference. This type of explanation and application better
prepares the learner to perform effectively on the job in installation,
troubleshooting, repair, and service of electrical power generation and delivery.
The knowledge obtained in this guide permits the learner to progress
further in the study of electrical systems. It should be understood that
the study of electricity and the application of electrical products are
continually changing. The electrical industry constantly introduces new and improved devices and material which in turn lead to changes in installation and operation of equipment. Electrical codes also change to reflect the
industry needs. It is it essential that the learner continues to learn and update their knowledge of the current procedures and practices.
The text is easy to read and the units have been grouped by general
subject. There are summaries of each unit which provide an opportunity
to restate the most important topics of the unit. There are summaries
of the units provided to summarize topic groups.
Each unit begins with the learning objectives. An Achievement-Review
Quiz at the end of each unit provides an opportunity for the learner
to check their understanding of the material in small increments before
proceeding. Some of problems presented in the guide require the use
of simple algebra and the learner should be familiar with the math
before trying to solve the equations . It is also essential that the
reader have a basic understanding of the fundamentals of electrical
circuits and basic electrical concepts.
It is recommended that the most recent edition of the National Electrical
Code (published by the National Fire Protection Association) be available
for reference and use as the learner uses this guide. Application state and local codes and regulations should also be consulted when making
the actual installations.
Coming soon: Achieve maximum
energy efficiency in electric motors! We delve in to technical, meaty
topics in order to help you obtain (and, henceforth, expect)
maximum efficiency from your AC drive, DC drive, stepper motor, generator,
alternator ... and even motors suitable for electric and hybrid cars.
Essential
Books for Industrial Electronics — Topics include
AC/DC drives, motor controls, PLC, troubleshooting and more. Books target
those interested in: Trades, Journeymen, Engineering textbooks, and more.
National Electrical Code (2005, Softcover Version)
The single most important reference in the electrical industry, the National
Electrical Code (NEC), is updated every three years and outlines minimum standards
for all types of electrical installations. The 2005 NEC, available in softcover
or looseleaf version, is loaded with solutions designed to provide better safeguards,
add greater usability, and bring provisions in line with technology trends.
A must for anyone involved in electrical design, installation, or inspection,
the 2005 NEC® provides 100% of the information needed to meet Code® and avoid
costly errors in electrical installations of all types. Thomson Delmar Learning
is pleased to make this authoritative reference from the NFPA available directly
from us, for the convenience of our customers who work in and around the electrical
trades. It may be used independently or as a companion to any electrical book,
including Delmar's best-selling wiring series as well as our guides to using
the NEC®.
Every three years the National Electrical Cod2 is significantly revised to
keep pace with technology and enhance protection against electrical fire and shock hazards. Get in position to advance your knowledge and be prepared with
the newest codes. The 2005 National Electrical Code is loaded with solutions
designed to provide better safeguards, add greater usability, and bring provisions
in-line with technology trends. It's a "must" for anyone who works
with electric conductors or equipment. Revisions include: Expanded AFCI protection
in wiring systems New rules for GFCI protection Identification of ungrounded
branch circuit and feeder conductors All-new articles for control panels and speed-drive systems Reorganized rules in Article 220: Branch Circuit, Feeder and Service Calculations New zone hazardous area classification system for
combustible dusts and ignitable fibers and flyings. You'll help improve electrical
safety for millions of people with the latest edition of the NEC; the world's
most widely adopted safety code.
Review:
Required reference for handymen and professional electricians: "The National
Electric Code, also knows as NFPA-70, is the standard that building officials
use to define what is legal to use in electric services of all kinds. NFPA
is the National Fire Protection Association. The Electric Code began almost
as soon as Edison wired some of his new lights in New York, and the first electricity
caused fire happened. Soon thereafter the National Fire Protection Association
began writing safety codes aimed at preventing fires and promoting safe wiring
techniques. Today, more than a century later, the Electric Code is republished
every 3 years. As new inventions and new applications for electricity are ever
expanding the code book expands and is revised to define the new applications.
The 2005 edition has been updated to include recent developments in available
materials and equipment. The code has 772 large pages detailing every electric
installation from common house wiring to installation requirements for 35,000
volt transformers. The tables detailing how many conductors you can put in a conduit go on for 50 pages in the appendix.
The problem most people have with the code comes from its complexity and scope.
If you are a handyman, or even an electrician, it takes years of study to learn
all its requirements, and even then they change it on you. It can be helpful
though. One year I was installing wire for a welder in my garage. I found a
paragraph that allowed me to derate the current load of the conductors based
on the duty cycle percentage of the welder. I saved quite a bit of money on
heavy wire that wasn't needed, and had a safe installation. The code is so
long and complex that several other books have been written to help professional and amateur electricians understand the code, translating it's stilted language and detailed requirements into plain English for common applications. The "Illustrated Guide to the National Electric Code," by Charles R. Miller, is one of the better ones. There are also numerous how-to
handbooks on electric wiring based on the code. E.g., "Wiring Simplified," by Richter and others. is an easy do-it-yourself guide. However, even an illustrated
guide book isn't the code. When the electric inspector comes out to review
your work you need to know that you wired it correctly. You can bet he's read
the code and will be approving or disapproving your work based on its requirements.
Over the years I've had to repair and straighten out many half-baked and outright dangerous electric installations. Many of them were done by well meaning
men who just didn't know how electric wiring was supposed to be done. I recommend
that everyone doing wiring from homeowner to seasoned electrician, to electric
engineer ought to own a current copy of the National Electric Code. The 2005
edition will be current until 2008."
Industrial Electronics: Applications for Programmable Controllers, Instrumentation and Process Control, and Electrical Machines and Motor Controls (3rd Edition)
by Thomas E. Kissell
Book Description:
Based on the author's experience working with technicians directly on the factory
floor in major industries, this handbook/reference covers all of the electronic
technology found in modern industrial systems, going into the depth required
to install, troubleshoot, and repair complex automation systems. Each stand-alone
(but cross-referenced) section explores either an entire system or individual
circuits and components that are used over and over in a large variety of
complex systems. Features a large number of figures, diagrams, and pictures, and typical Job Assignments, with solutions. Advanced Solid State Logic:
Flip-Flops, Shift Registers, Counters and Timers. Programmable Controllers.
Solid-State Devices Used to Control Power: SCRs, TRIACs and Power Transistors.
Solid-State Devices Used for Firing Circuits. Photoelectronics, Lasers and Fiber Optics. Industrial Power Supplies, Inverters and Converters. Operational
Amplifiers. Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Feedback Systems. Input Devices: Sensors,
Transducers, and Transmitters for Measurement. Output Devices: Amplifiers, Valves, Relays,
Variable-Frequency Drives, Stepper Motors and Servomotor Drives. AC and DC
Motors and Generators, Transformers, and Three-Phase Electricity. Case Studies
of Four Industrial Applications. Robots and Other Motion Control Systems.
Motor-Control Devices and Circuits. Data Communications for Industrial Electronics.
For Instrumentation and Process Control Technicians, PLC and Motion Control Technicians.
Cable and Wire
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industry, government and military needs.
