Calorie Restriction with Optimum Nutrition
Home • Forum • What's New • What to Eat • Short/Long-Term Benefits of CR • Books • Links, References & Resources
Supplements • 2000 Poll: Graphics • Poll: Statistics • Theories of Aging • CR Mimetics • Science and Research • CRONies

CRON-WEB's Definitive Guide to Supplementation: References

Go To >> Introduction | "Well, it Can’t Hurt, and it Might Help" Mistake | Tier I | Tier II | Tier III | References | Condensed ("Quick-Start") Guide


[1] Forster MJ, Morris P, Sohal RS. Genotype and age influence the effect of caloric intake on mortality in mice. FASEB J. 2003 Apr;17(6):690-2.

[2] Zimmerman JA, Malloy V, Krajcik R, Orentreich N. Nutritional control of aging. Exp Gerontol. 2003 Jan-Feb;38(1-2):47-52.

[3] Lipman RD, Bronson RT, Wu D, Smith DE, Prior R, Cao G, Han SN, Martin KR, Meydani SN, Meydani M. Disease incidence and longevity are unaltered by dietary antioxidant supplementation initiated during middle age in C57BL/6 mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998 Jul 15;103(3):269-84.

[4] http://www.biomarkerinc.com/html/Oct15-2002BioMarker.htm

[5] Kitani K, Minami C, Isobe K, Maehara K, Kanai S, Ivy GO, Carrillo MC. Why (--)deprenyl prolongs survivals of experimental animals: increase of anti-oxidant enzymes in brain and other body tissues as well as mobilization of various humoral factors may lead to systemic anti-aging effects. Mech Ageing Dev. 2002 Apr 30;123(8):1087-100.

[6] Foote JA, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Factors Associated with Dietary Supplement Use among Healthy Adults of Five Ethnicities: The Multiethnic Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 May 15;157(10):888-97.

[7] Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC. Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Oct 1;129(7):517-24.

[8] Fuchs CS, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Giovannucci EL. The influence of folate and multivitamin use on the familial risk of colon cancer in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Mar;11(3):227-34.

[9] Marckmann P, Gronbaek M. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Aug;53(8):585-90.

[10] Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet. 1996 Mar 23;347(9004):781-6.

[11] Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, Bosch J, Sleight P. Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 20;342(3):154-60.

[12] Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto miocardico. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999 Aug 7;354(9177):447-55.

[13] de Gaetano G. Low-dose aspirin and vitamin E in people at cardiovascular risk: a randomised

trial in general practice. Collaborative Group of the Primary Prevention Project. Lancet. 2001 Jan 13;357(9250):89-95.

[14] Hodis HN, Mack WJ, LaBree L, et al. Alpha-tocopherol supplementation in healthy individuals reduces low-density lipoprotein oxidation but not atherosclerosis: the Vitamin E Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (VEAPS). Circulation. 2002 Sep 17;106(12):1453-9.

[15] Waters DD, Alderman EL, Hsia J, et al. Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Nov 20;288(19):2432-40.

[16] Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 29;345(22):1583-92.

[17] Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002 Jul 6;360(9326):23-33.

[18] Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-Tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung cancer incidence in the alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene cancer prevention study: effects of base-line

characteristics and study compliance. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996 Nov 6;88(21):1560-70.

[19] Malila N, Taylor PR, Virtanen MJ, Korhonen P, Huttunen JK, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Effects of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on gastric cancer incidence in male smokers (ATBC Study, Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2002 Sep;13(7):617-23.

[20] Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Virtanen M, Taylor PR, Malila N, Albanes D, Huttunen JK, Hartman AM, Hietanen P, Maenpaa H, Koss L, Nordling S, Heinonen OP. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on urinary tract cancer: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial (Finland). Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Dec;11(10):933-9.

[21] Albanes D, Malila N, Taylor PR, Huttunen JK, Virtamo J, Edwards BK, Rautalahti M, Hartman AM, Barrett MJ, Pietinen P, Hartman TJ, Sipponen P, Lewin K, Teerenhovi L, Hietanen P, Tangrea JA, Virtanen M, Heinonen OP. Effects of supplemental alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on colorectal cancer: results from a controlled trial (Finland) Cancer Causes Control. 2000 Mar;11(3):197-205.

[22] Teikari JM, Rautalahti M, Haukka J, Jarvinen P, Hartman AM, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Heinonen O. Incidence of cataract operations in Finnish male smokers unaffected by alpha tocopherol or beta carotene supplements. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1998 Jul;52(7):468-72.

[23] Teikari JM, Laatikainen L, Virtamo J, Haukka J, Rautalahti M, Liesto K, Albanes D, Taylor P, Heinonen OP. Six-year supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene and age-related maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1998 Apr;76(2):224-9.

[24] Rautalahti MT, Virtamo JR, Taylor PR, Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Haukka JK, Edwards BK, Karkkainen PA, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Huttunen J. The effects of supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene on the incidence and mortality of carcinoma of the pancreas in a randomized, controlled trial. Cancer. 1999 Jul 1;86(1):37-42.

[25] Malila N, Virtamo J, Virtanen M, Albanes D, Tangrea JA, Huttunen JK. The effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on colorectal adenomas in middle-aged male smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1999 Jun;8(6):489-93.

[26] Heinonen OP, Albanes D, Virtamo J, et al. Prostate cancer and supplementation with alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene: incidence and mortality in a controlled trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Mar 18;90(6):440-6.

[27] Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 2;334(18):1145-9.

[28] Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 2;334(18):1150-5.

[29] Neuhouser ML, Patterson RE, Thornquist MD, Omenn GS, King IB, Goodman GE. Fruits and Vegetables Are Associated with Lower Lung Cancer Risk Only in the Placebo Arm of the beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2003 Apr;12(4):350-8.

[30] Baron JA, Cole BF, Mott L, Haile R, Grau M, Church TR, Beck GJ, Greenberg ER. Neoplastic and Antineoplastic Effects of beta-Carotene on Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence: Results of a Randomized Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003 May 21;95(10):717-22.

[31] Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1957-63.

[32] Duffield-Lillico AJ, Reid ME, Turnbull BW, Combs GF Jr, Slate EH, Fischbach LA, Marshall JR, Clark LC.

 Baseline characteristics and the effect of selenium supplementation on cancer incidence in a randomized clinical trial: a summary report of the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Jul;11(7):630-9.

[33] Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey S, Wang GQ, Yang CS, Zheng SF, Gail M, Li GY, et al.

 Nutrition intervention trials in Linxian, China: supplementation with specific vitamin/mineral combinations, cancer incidence, and disease-specific mortality in the general population. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993 Sep 15;85(18):1483-92.

[34] Melhus H, Michaelsson K, Kindmark A, Bergstrom R, Holmberg L, Mallmin H, Wolk A, Ljunghall S. Excessive dietary intake of vitamin A is associated with reduced bone mineral density and increased risk for hip fracture. Ann Intern Med. 1998 Nov 15;129(10):770-8.

[35] Feskanich D, Singh V, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Vitamin A intake and hip fractures among postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002 Jan 2;287(1):47-54.

[36] Michaelsson K, Lithell H, Vessby B, Melhus H. Serum retinol levels and the risk of fracture. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 23;348(4):287-94.

[37] Promislow JH, Goodman-Gruen D, Slymen DJ, Barrett-Connor E. Retinol intake and bone mineral density in the elderly: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002 Aug;17(8):1349-58.

[38] Sowers MF, Wallace RB. Retinol, supplemental vitamin A and bone status. J Clin Epidemiol. 1990;43(7):693-9.

[39] Freudenheim JL, Johnson NE, Smith EL. Relationships between usual nutrient intake and bone-mineral content of women 35-65 years of age: longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986 Dec;44(6):863-76.

[40] Ballew C, Galuska D, Gillespie C. High serum retinyl esters are not associated with reduced bone mineral density in the Third National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. J Bone Miner Res. 2001 Dec;16(12):2306-12.

[41] Rohde CM, DeLuca H. Bone resorption activity of all-trans retinoic acid is independent of vitamin D in rats. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):777-83.

[42] Moore T, Wang YL. Hypervitaminosis A. Biochem J. 1945;39 (3):222-8.

[43] Sandstead HH. Requirements and toxicity of essential trace elements, illustrated by zinc and copper. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Mar;61(3 Suppl):621S-624S.

[44] Abdallah SM, Samman S. The effect of increasing dietary zinc on the activity of superoxide dismutase and zinc concentration in erythrocytes of healthy female subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1993 May;47(5):327-32.

[45] Greger JL. Dietary standards for manganese: overlap between nutritional and toxicological studies. J Nutr. 1998 Feb;128(2 Suppl):368S-371S.

[46] Powers KM, Smith-Weller T, Franklin GM, Longstreth WT, Swanson PD, Checkoway H. Parkinson’s disease risks associated with dietary iron, manganese, and other nutrient intakes. Neurology. 2003 Jun 10;60(11):1761-6.

[47] Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. 2001; Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

[48] Olmedilla B, Granado F, Southon S, Wright AJ, Blanco I, Gil-Martinez E, van den Berg H, Thurnham D, Corridan B, Chopra M, Hininger I. A European multicentre, placebo-controlled supplementation study with alpha-tocopherol, carotene-rich palm oil, lutein or lycopene: analysis of serum responses. Clin Sci (Lond). 2002 Apr;102(4):447-56.

[49] Lykkesfeldt J, Christen S, Wallock LM, Chang HH, Jacob RA, Ames BN. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):530-6.

[50] Handelman GJ, Epstein WL, Peerson J, Spiegelman D, Machlin LJ, Dratz EA. Human adipose alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol kinetics during and after 1 y of alpha-tocopherol supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 May;59(5):1025-32.

[51] Dietrich M, Block G, Hudes M, Morrow JD, Norkus EP, Traber MG, Cross CE, Packer L. Antioxidant supplementation decreases lipid peroxidation biomarker F(2)-isoprostanes in plasma of smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Jan;11(1):7-13.

[52] Khor HT, Ng TT. Effects of administration of alpha-tocopherol and tocotrienols on serum lipids

and liver HMG CoA reductase activity. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2000;51 Suppl:S3-11.

[53] Qureshi AA, Pearce BC, Nor RM, Gapor A, Peterson DM, Elson CE. Dietary alpha-tocopherol attenuates the impact of gamma-tocotrienol on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in chickens. J Nutr. 1996 Feb;126(2):389-94.

[54] Mensink RP, van Houwelingen AC, Kromhout D, Hornstra G. A vitamin E concentrate rich in tocotrienols had no effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, or platelet function in men with mildly elevated serum lipid concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Feb;69(2):213-9.

[55] Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Lee J, Craft NE. Serum micronutrients and prostate cancer in Japanese Americans in Hawaii. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997 Jul;6(7):487-91.

[56] Heaney RP, Davies KM, Chen TC, Holick MF, Barger-Lux MJ.  Human serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol response to extended oral dosing with cholecalciferol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):204-10.

[57] Vieth R, Chan PC, MacFarlane GD. Efficacy and safety of vitamin D3 intake exceeding the lowest observed adverse effect level. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Feb;73(2):288-94.

[58] Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 May;69(5):842-56.

[59] Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP. Effects of above average summer sun exposure on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium absorption. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Nov;87(11):4952-6.

[60] Ames BN, Wakimoto P. Are vitamin and mineral deficiencies a major cancer risk? Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Sep;2(9):694-704.

[61] Freedman MR, King J, Kennedy E. Popular diets: a scientific review. Obes Res. 2001 Mar;9 Suppl 1:1S-40S.

[62] Kretsch MJ, Fong AK, Green MW, Johnson HL. Cognitive function, iron status, and hemoglobin concentration in obese dieting women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998 Jul;52(7):512-8.

[63] Klevay LM, Gallagher SK, Hoverson BS, Lukaski HC, Milne DB. The copper requirement of women losing weight exceeds 1.23 mg/day. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Apr;61(4):909(Abs103).

[64] Cifuentes M, Morano AB, Chowdhury HA, Shapses SA. Energy restriction reduces fractional calcium absorption in mature obese and lean rats. J Nutr. 2002 Sep;132(9):2660-6.

[65] Calingasan NY, Gibson GE. Dietary restriction attenuates the neuronal loss, induction of heme oxygenase-1 and blood-brain barrier breakdown induced by impaired oxidative metabolism. Brain Res. 2000 Dec 1;885(1):62-9.

[66] Mahoney AW, Hendricks DG, Bernhard N, Sisson DV. Fasting and ketogenic diet effects on audiogenic seizures susceptibility of magnesium deficient rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1983 May;18(5):683-7.

[67] Saari JT, Bode AM, Dahlen GM. Defects of copper deficiency in rats are modified by dietary treatments that affect glycation. J Nutr. 1995 Dec;125(12):2925-34.

[68] Ames BN, Elson-Schwab I, Silver EA. High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased K(m)): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Apr;75(4):616-58.

[69] Williams RJ. Biochemical Individuality: The Basis for the Genetotrophic Concept. New York; McGraw-Hill, 1998.

[70] Reginster JY, Deroisy R, Dougados M, Jupsin I, Colette J, Roux C. Prevention of early postmenopausal bone loss by strontium ranelate: the randomized, two-year, double-masked, dose-ranging, placebo-controlled PREVOS trial. Osteoporos Int. 2002 Dec;13(12):925-31.

[71] Lemmel E, Balogh A, Pors-Nielsen S, Phenekos C, Rizzoli R, Slosman DO, Tupinon-Mathieu I, Reginster JY. Strontium ranelate reduces the vertebral fracture risk in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2002 Jun; 13(6):521(Abs045).

[72] Meunier PJ, Slosman DO, Delmas PD, Sebert JL, Brandi ML, Albanese C, Lorenc R, Pors-Nielsen S, De Vernejoul MC, Roces A, Reginster JY. Strontium ranelate: dose-dependent effects in established postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis--a 2-year randomized placebo controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2060-6.

[73] Marie PJ, Skoryna SC, Pivon RJ Chabot G, Glorieux FH, Stara JF. Histomorphomerty of Bone Changes in Stable Strontium Therapy. Trace Subst Env Health. 1985; 19: 193-208.

[74] Marie PJ. Optimizing bone metabolism in osteoporosis: insight into the pharmacologic profile of strontium ranelate. Osteoporos Int. 2003 Mar;14 Suppl 3:9-12.

[75] Shiraki M, Shiraki Y, Aoki C, Miura M. Vitamin K2 (menatetrenone) effectively prevents fractures and sustains lumbar bone mineral density in osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2000 Mar;15(3):515-21.

[76] Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Effect of combined administration of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 on bone mineral density of the lumbar spine in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Orthop Sci. 2000;5(6):546-51.

[77] Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S. Effect of menatetrenone on bone mineral density and incidence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a comparison with the effect of etidronate. J Orthop Sci. 2001;6(6):487-92.

[78] Iwamoto I, Kosha S, Noguchi S, Murakami M, Fujino T, Douchi T, Nagata Y. A longitudinal study of the effect of vitamin K2 on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women a comparative study with vitamin D3 and estrogen-progestin therapy. Maturitas. 1999 Jan 4;31(2):161-4.

[79] Bell MC, Crowley-Nowick P, Bradlow HL, Sepkovic DW, Schmidt-Grimminger D, Howell P, Mayeaux EJ, Tucker A, Turbat-Herrera EA, Mathis JM. Placebo-controlled trial of indole-3-carbinol in the treatment of CIN. Gynecol Oncol. 2000 Aug;78(2):123-9.

[80] Lee BM, Park KK. Beneficial and adverse effects of chemopreventive agents. Mutat Res. 2003 Feb-Mar;523-524:265-78.

[81] Ametov AS, Barinov A, Dyck PJ, et al. The sensory symptoms of diabetic polyneuropathy are improved with alpha-lipoic acid: the SYDNEY trial. Diabetes Care. 2003 Mar;26(3):770-6.

[82] Stracke H, Lindemann A, Federlin K. A benfotiamine-vitamin B combination in treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1996;104(4):311-6.

[83] Heerdt AS, Young CW, Borgen PI. Calcium glucarate as a chemopreventive agent in breast cancer. Isr J Med Sci. 1995 Feb-Mar;31(2-3):101-5.

[84] You H, Yu W, Munoz-Medellin D, Brown PH, Sanders BG, Kline K. Role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate-induced differentiation of human MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. Mol Carcinog. 2002 Apr;33(4):228-36.

[85] Israel K, Sanders BG, Kline K. RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate inhibits the proliferation of human prostatic tumor cells with defective cell cycle/differentiation pathways. Nutr Cancer. 1995;24(2):161-9.

[86] Cheeseman KH, Holley AE, Kelly FJ, Wasil M, Hughes L, Burton G. Biokinetics in humans of RRR-alpha-tocopherol: the free phenol, acetate ester, and succinate ester forms of vitamin E. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Nov;19(5):591-8.

[87] Shun MC, Yu W, Gapor A, Sanders BG, Kline K. Vitamin E analog and delta-tocotrienol-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2002;Abs4342.

[88] Sharma RA, McLelland HR, Hill KA, Ireson CR, Euden SA, Manson MM, Pirmohamed M, Marnett LJ, Gescher AJ, Steward WP. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2001 Jul;7(7):1894-900.

[89] Ammon HP, Wahl MA. Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta Med. 1991 Feb;57(1):1-7.

[90] Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph T, Majeed M, Rajendran R, Srinivas PS. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med. 1998 May;64(4):353-6.

[91] Cheng AL, Hsu CH, Lin JK, Hsu MM, Ho YF, Shen TS, et al. Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions. Anticancer Res. 2001 Jul-Aug;21(4B):2895-900

[92] Plummer SM, Hill KA, Festing MF, Steward WP, Gescher AJ, Sharma RA. Clinical development of leukocyte cyclooxygenase 2 activity as a systemic biomarker for cancer chemopreventive agents. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Dec;10(12):1295-9.

[93] Ireson CR, Jones DJ, Orr S, Coughtrie MW, Boocock DJ, Williams ML, Farmer PB, Steward WP, Gescher AJ. Metabolism of the cancer chemopreventive agent curcumin in human and rat intestine. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Jan;11(1):105-11.

[94] Pedersen CB, Kyle J, Jenkinson AM, Gardner PT, McPhail DB, Duthie GG. Effects of blueberry and cranberry juice consumption on the plasma antioxidant capacity of healthy female volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000 May;54(5):405-8.

[95] http://lists.calorierestriction.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0303&L=crsociety&P=R53294

[96] Kankova K, Marova I, Zahejsky J, Muzik J, Stejskalova A, Znojil V, Vacha J. Polymorphisms 1704G/T and 2184A/G in the RAGE gene are associated with antioxidant status. Metabolism. 2001 Oct;50(10):1152-60.

[97] Guallar E, Erlinger TP, Miller ER, Appel L. The impact of inflammation on serum vitamin C levels. Circulation. 2002 Apr;105(14):e86-e119 (P154;Abs100691).

[98] Liu S, Ford ES. High glycemic diet in relation to serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of United States adults from 1988 – 1994. Circulation. 2002 Apr;105(14):e86-e119 (P169, Abs 100271).

[99] Iannuzzi A, Celentano E, Panico S, Galasso R, Covetti G, Sacchetti L, Zarrilli F, De Michele M, Rubba P. Dietary and circulating antioxidant vitamins in relation to carotid plaques in middle-aged women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):582-7.

[100] Kushi LH, Folsom AR, Prineas RJ, Mink PJ, Wu Y, Bostick RM. Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 2;334(18):1156-62.

[101] Knekt P, Reunanen A, Jarvinen R, Seppanen R, Heliovaara M, Aromaa A. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994 Jun 15;139(12):1180-9.

[102] Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Ruitenberg A, van Swieten JC, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM. Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2002 Jun 26;287(24):3223-9.

[103] Morris MC, Evans DA, Bienias JL, Tangney CC, Bennett DA, Aggarwal N, Wilson RS, Scherr PA. Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study. JAMA. 2002 Jun 26;287(24):3230-7.

[104] Masaki KH, Losonczy KG, Izmirlian G, Foley DJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Havlik R, White LR. Association of vitamin E and C supplement use with cognitive function and dementia in elderly men. Neurology. 2000 Mar 28;54(6):1265-72.

[105] Lehmann J, Martin HL, Lashley EL, Marshall MW, Judd JT. Vitamin E in foods from high and low linoleic acid diets. J Am Diet Assoc. 1986 Sep;86(9):1208-16.

[106] Qureshi N, Qureshi AA. Tocotrienols: novel hypocholesterolemic agents with antioxidant properties. In Packer L, Fuchs J (eds). Vitamin E in Health and Disease. 1993; New York: Marcel Dekker, 247-67..

[107] Heinonen M, Piironen V. The tocopherol, tocotrienol, and vitamin E content of the average Finnish diet. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1991;61(1):27-32.

[108] McLaughlin PJ, Weihrauch JL. Vitamin E content of foods. J Am Diet Assoc. 1979 Dec;75(6):647-65.

[109] Bieri JG. Sources and consumption of antioxidants in the diet. JAOCS. 1984 Dec;61(12):1917-17.

[110] Nojiri S, Daida H, Mokuno H, Iwama Y, Mae K, Ushio F, Ueki T. Association of serum antioxidant capacity with coronary artery disease in middle-aged men. Jpn Heart J. 2001 Nov;42(6):677-90.

[111] Kontush A, Spranger T, Reich A, Baum K, Beisiegel U. Lipophilic antioxidants in blood plasma as markers of atherosclerosis: the role of alpha-carotene and gamma-tocopherol. Atherosclerosis. 1999 May;144(1):117-22.

[112] Kristenson M, Zieden B, Kucinskiene Z, Elinder LS, Bergdahl B, Elwing B, Abaravicius A, Razinkoviene L, Calkauskas H, Olsson AG. Antioxidant state and mortality from coronary heart disease in Lithuanian and Swedish men: concomitant cross sectional study of men aged 50. BMJ. 1997 Mar 1;314(7081):629-33.

[113] Ohrvall M, Sundlof G, Vessby B. Gamma, but not alpha, tocopherol levels in serum are reduced in coronary heart disease patients. J Intern Med. 1996 Feb;239(2):111-7.

[114] Ruiz Rejon F, Martin-Pena G, Granado F, Ruiz-Galiana J, Blanco I, Olmedilla B. Plasma status of retinol, alpha- and gamma-tocopherols, and main carotenoids to first myocardial infarction: case control and follow-up study. Nutrition. 2002 Jan;18(1):26-31.

[115] Helzlsouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Comstock GW. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Dec 20;92(24):2018-23.

[116] Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Norkus EP, Hoffman SC, Comstock GW, Helzlsouer KJ. Prospective study of antioxidant micronutrients in the blood and the risk of developing prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb 15;157(4):335-44.

[117] Hensley K, Maidt ML, Yu Z, Sang H, Markesbery WR, Floyd RA. Electrochemical analysis of protein nitrotyrosine and dityrosine in the Alzheimer brain indicates region-specific accumulation. J Neurosci. 1998 Oct 15;18(20):8126-32.

[118] Williamson KS, Gabbita SP, Mou S, West M, Pye QN, Markesbery WR, Cooney RV, Grammas P, Reimann-Philipp U, Floyd RA, Hensley K. The nitration product 5-nitro-gamma-tocopherol is increased in the Alzheimer brain. Nitric Oxide. 2002 Mar;6(2):221-7.

[119] Jiang Q, Ames BN. Gamma-tocopherol, but not alpha-tocopherol, decreases proinflammatory eicosanoids and inflammation damage in rats. FASEB J. 2003 May;17(8):816-22.

[120] Jiang Q, Elson-Schwab I, Courtemanche C, Ames BN. Gamma-tocopherol and its major metabolite, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages and epithelial cells. PNAS. 2000 Oct 10;97(21):11494-9.

[121] Christen S, Woodall AA, Shigenaga MK, Southwell-Keely PT, Duncan MW, Ames BN. Gamma-tocopherol traps mutagenic electrophiles such as NO(X) and complements alpha-tocopherol: physiological implications. PNAS. 1997 Apr 1;94(7):3217-22.

[122] Cooney RV, Harwood PJ, Franke AA, Narala K, Sundstrom AK, Berggren PO, Mordan LJ. Products of gamma-tocopherol reaction with NO2 and their formation in rat insulinoma (RINm5F) cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Sep;19(3):259-69.

[123] Cooney RV, Franke AA, Harwood PJ, Hatch-Pigott V, Custer LJ, Mordan LJ. Gamma-tocopherol detoxification of nitrogen dioxide: superiority to alpha-tocopherol. PNAS. 1993 Mar 1;90(5):1771-5.

[124] Rao R, Stone WL, Huang T, Papas AM, Qui M. The uptake of tocopherols by RAW 264.7 macrophages. Nutr J. 2002 Oct 15;1(1):2.

[125] Pal S, Thomson AM, Bottema CD, Roach PD. Alpha-Tocopherol modulates the low density lipoprotein receptor of human HepG2 cells. Nutr J. 2003 May 12;2(1):3.

[126] Van Poppel G,. Goldbohm RA. Epidemiologic evidence for beta-carotene and cancer prevention. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995 Dec;62(6 Suppl):1393S-1402S.

[127] Levin G, Mokady S. Antioxidant activity of 9-cis compared to all-trans beta-carotene in vitro. Free Radic Biol Med. 1994 Jul;17(1):77-82.

[128] Levin G, Yeshurun M, Mokady S. In vivo antiperoxidative effect of 9-cis beta-carotene compared with that of the all-trans isomer. Nutr Cancer. 1997;27(3):293-7.

[129] Ben-Amotz A, Levy Y. Bioavailability of a natural isomer mixture compared with synthetic all-trans beta-carotene in human serum. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 May;63(5):729-34.

[130] Xue KX, Wu JZ, Ma GJ, Yuan S, Qin HL. Comparative studies on genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of natural and synthetic beta-carotene stereoisomers. Mutat Res. 1998 Oct 12;418(2-3):73-8.

[131] Ip C, Dong Y, Ganther HE. New concepts in selenium chemoprevention. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2002;21(3-4):281-9.

[132] Booth SL, Suttie JW. Dietary intake and adequacy of vitamin K. J Nutr. 1998 May;128(5):785-8.

[133] Zittermann A. Effects of vitamin K on calcium and bone metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2001 Nov;4(6):483-7.

[134] Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Jurgers LJ, Grobbee DE , Pols HA, Witteman JC. Inverse association of dietary vitamin K-2 intake with cardiac events and aortic atherosclerosis: the Rotterdam Study. Thromb Haem. 2001 Jul; 85(Suppl): AbsP473.

[135] Michaud DS, Feskanich D, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Speizer FE, Willett WC, Giovannucci E. Intake of specific carotenoids and risk of lung cancer in 2 prospective US cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Oct;72(4):990-7.

[136] Ziegler RG, Colavito EA, Hartge P, McAdams MJ, Schoenberg JB, Mason TJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Importance of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and other phytochemicals in the etiology of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996 May 1;88(9):612-5.

[137] Slattery ML, Benson J, Curtin K, Ma KN, Schaeffer D, Potter JD. Carotenoids and colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Feb;71(2):575-82.

[138] Wang XD, Russell RM. Procarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic effects of beta-carotene. Nutr Rev. 1999 Sep;57(9 Pt 1):263-72.

[139] Liu C, Wang XD, Bronson RT, Smith DE, Krinsky NI, Russell RM. Effects of physiological versus pharmacological beta-carotene supplementation on cell proliferation and histopathological changes in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed ferrets. Carcinogenesis. 2000 Dec;21(12):2245-53.

[140] Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Feb 17;91(4):317-31.

[141] Kucuk O, Sarkar FH, Sakr W, et al. Phase II randomized clinical trial of lycopene supplementation before radical prostatectomy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Aug;10(8):861-8.

[142] Chen L, Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis M, Duncan C, Sharifi R, Ghosh L, van Breemen R, Ashton D, Bowen PE. Oxidative DNA damage in prostate cancer patients consuming tomato sauce-based entrees as a whole-food intervention. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Dec 19;93(24):1872-9.

[143] Dr. Dominique Michaud (personal communication).

[144] Combs GF Jr, Gray WP. Chemopreventive agents: selenium. Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Sep;79(3):179-92.

[145] Carr AC, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans.Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Jun;69(6):1086-107.

[146] Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. 2000; Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

[147] Kallner A, Hartmann D, Hornig D. Steady-state turnover and body pool of ascorbic acid in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979 Mar;32(3):530-9.

[148] Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. PNAS. 1996 Apr 16;93(8):3704-9.

[149] Jacob RA, Aiello GM, Stephensen CB, Blumberg JB, Milbury PE, Wallock LM, Ames BN. Moderate antioxidant supplementation has no effect on biomarkers of oxidant damage in healthy men with low fruit and vegetable intakes. J Nutr. 2003 Mar;133(3):740-3.

[150] Stewart RJ, Askew EW, McDonald CM, Metos J, Jackson WD, Balon TW, Prior RL. Antioxidant status of young children: response to an antioxidant supplement. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002 Nov;102(11):1652-7.

[151] Johnston CS, Cox SK. Plasma-Saturating intakes of vitamin C confer maximal antioxidant protection to plasma. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Dec;20(6):623-7.

[152] Huang HY, Appel LJ, Croft KD, Miller ER 3rd, Mori TA, Puddey IB. Effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on in vivo lipid peroxidation: results of a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Sep;76(3):549-55.

[153] Davies JE, Ellery PM, Hughes RE. Dietary ascorbic acid and life span of guinea-pigs. Exp Gerontol. 1977;12(5-6):215-6.

[154] Benzie IF. Evolution of antioxidant defence mechanisms. Eur J Nutr. 2000 Apr;39(2):53-61.

[155] Heinrich HC. Thiamin- und folsäuremangel bei chronischem alkoholismus, eisen- und cobalaminmangel bei veganischer ernährung. Ernährungs-Umschau. 1990;37:294-607. I cribbed this reference!

[156] Thomson AD, Leevy CM. Observations on the mechanism of thiamin hydrochloride absorption in man. Clin Sci. 1972 Aug;43(2):153-63.

[157] Morrison AB, Campbell JA. Vitamin absorption studies I. Factors influencing the excretion of oral test doses of thiamine and riboflavin by human subjects. J Nutr. 1960 Dec;72(4):435-40.

[158] Friedemann TE, Kumeciak TC, Keegan PK, Sheft BB. The absorption, destruction, and excretion of orally adminstered thiamine by human subjects. Gastroenterol. 1948 Jul;11(1):100-14.

[159] Davis RE, Icke GC. Clinical chemistry of thiamin. Adv Clin Chem. 1983;23:93-140.

[160] Tanphaichitr V. Thiamin. In Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Ninth Edition. 1999; New York: Lippincott Wiliams and Wilkins,381-9.

[161] Kasahara T, Kato T. Nutritional biochemistry: A new redox-cofactor vitamin for mammals. Nature. 2003 Apr 24;422(6934):832.

[162] Steinberg F, Stites TE, Anderson P, Storms D, Chan I, Eghbali S, Rucker R. Pyrroloquinoline quinone improves growth and reproductive performance in mice fed chemically defined diets. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2003 Feb;228(2):160-6.

[163] Stites TE, Mitchell AE, Rucker RB. Physiological importance of quinoenzymes and the O-quinone family of cofactors. J Nutr. 2000 Apr;130(4):719-27.

[164] Newberne PM, Suphakarn V. Nutrition and cancer: a review, with emphasis on the role of vitamins C and E and selenium. Nutr Cancer. 1983;5(2):107-19.

[165] Steinmetz KA, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996 Oct;96(10):1027-39.

[166] Van Duyn MA, Pivonka E. Overview of the health benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption for the dietetics professional: selected literature. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000 Dec;100(12):1511-21.

[167] London SJ, Yuan JM, Chung FL, Gao YT, Coetzee GA, Ross RK, Yu MC. Isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms, and lung-cancer risk: a prospective study of men in Shanghai, China. Lancet. 2000 Aug 26;356(9231):724-9.

[168] Hakim IA, Harris RB. Joint effects of citrus peel use and black tea intake on the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. BMC Dermatol. 2001;1(1):3.

[169] Hakim IA, Harris RB, Ritenbaugh C. Citrus peel use is associated with reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Nutr Cancer. 2000;37(2):161-8.

[170] Clydesdale FM. ILSI North America Food Component Reports. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1999;39(3).

[171] van Iersel ML, Verhagen H, van Bladeren PJ. The role of biotransformation in dietary (anti)carcinogenesis. Mutat Res. 1999 Jul 15;443(1-2):259-70.

[172] Wargovich MJ. Nutrition and cancer: the herbal revolution. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1999 Sep;2(5):421-4.

[173] Wilkinson J 4th, Clapper ML. Detoxication enzymes and chemoprevention. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1997 Nov;216(2):192-200.

[174] Dwivedi C, Heck WJ, Downie AA, Larroya S, Webb TE. Effect of calcium glucarate on beta-glucuronidase activity and glucarate content of certain vegetables and fruits. Biochem Med Metab Biol. 1990 Apr;43(2):83-92.

[175] Oen H, Vestrheim S. Detection of non volatile acids in sweet cherry fruits. Acta Agric Scand. 1985;35(2):145-52.

[176] Walaszek Z, Szemraj J, Hanausek M, Adams JK, Sherman U. D-glucaric acid content of various fruits and vegetables and cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary calcium D-glucarate in the rat. Nutr Res. 1996;16(4):673-81.

[177] Risch B, Herrmann K, Wray V. (E)-O-p-cumaroyl-,(E)-o-feruloyl-derivatives of glucaric acid in citrus. Phytochemistry. 1988;27(10):3327-9.

[178] Yokoyama M, Matsuoka S, Wakui A. Activation of tegafur and urinary excretion of D-glucaric acid in tumor-bearing hosts. In Ishigami J (ed). Recent Adv Chemother. Anticancer Section I. 1985;14:113-5.

[179] Walaszek Z., Hanausek M., Szemraj J, Adams A. K D-Glucaric acid as a potential tumor marker. In Hanausek M, Walaszek Z (eds). Methods in Molecular Medicine, Vol 14: Tumor Marker Protocols. 1998; Humana press, Totowa, NJ:487-95.

[180] Levvy GA, Conchie J. Beta-glucuronidase and the hydrolysis of glucuronides. In Dutton DJ (ed). Glucuronic acid, free and combined : chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, and medicine. 1966;New York,NY:Academic Press, 301-64.

[181] Chernomorsky S, Segelman A, Poretz RD. Effect of dietary chlorophyll derivatives on mutagenesis and tumor cell growth. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen. 1999;19(5):313-22.

[182] Tsunoda S, Yamamoto K, Sakamoto S, Inoue H, Nagasawa H. Effects of Sasa Health, extract of bamboo grass leaves, on spontaneous mammary tumourigenesis in SHN mice. Anticancer Res. 1998 Jan-Feb;18(1A):153-8.

[183] Harttig U, Bailey GS. Chemoprotection by natural chlorophylls in vivo: inhibition of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene-DNA adducts in rainbow trout liver. Carcinogenesis. 1998 Jul;19(7):1323-6.

[184] Negishi T, Rai H, Hayatsu H. Antigenotoxic activity of natural chlorophylls. Mutat Res. 1997 May 12;376(1-2):97-100.

[185] Egner PA, Wang JB, Zhu YR, et al. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals at high risk for liver cancer. PNAS. 2001 Dec 4;98(25):14601-6.

[186] Rissanen TH, Voutilainen S, Virtanen JK, Venho B, Vanharanta M, Mursu J, Salonen JT. Low intake of fruits, berries and vegetables is associated with excess mortality in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor (KIHD) Study. J Nutr. 2003 Jan;133(1):199-204.

[187] Barja G. Rate of generation of oxidative stress-related damage and animal longevity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2002 Nov 1;33(9):1167-72.

[188] Barja G. Endogenous oxidative stress: relationship to aging, longevity and caloric restriction. Ageing Res Rev. 2002 Jun;1(3):397-411.

[189] de Grey ADNJ. A proposed mechanism for the lowering of mitochondrial electron leak by caloric restriction. Mitochondrion 2001; 1(2):129-139.

[190] Karen Hopkin. Dietary Drawbacks. SAGE KE. 2003 Fe 26.
http://sageke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sageke;2003/8/ns4

[191] Robert Lord (MetaMetrix) – Lab Tests to Track CR Results. Oral presentation, CR Society Conference II.

[192] Liu J, Atamna H, Kuratsune H, Ames BN. Delaying brain mitochondrial decay and aging with mitochondrial antioxidants and metabolites. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:133-66.

[193] Hagen TM, Moreau R, Suh JH, Visioli F. Mitochondrial decay in the aging rat heart: evidence for improvement by dietary supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine and/or lipoic acid. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:491-507.

[194] Haramaki N, Han D, Handelman GJ, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. Cytosolic and mitochondrial systems for NADH- and NADPH-dependent reduction of alpha-lipoic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(3):535-42.

[195] Biewenga GP, Dorstijn MA, Verhagen JV, Haenen GR, Bast A. Reduction of lipoic acid by lipoamide dehydrogenase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1996 Feb 9;51(3):233-8.

[196] Loffelhardt S, Bonaventura C, Locher M, Borbe HO, Bisswanger H. Interaction of alpha-lipoic acid enantiomers and homologues with the enzyme components of the mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995 Aug 25;50(5):637-46.

[197] Roy S, Sen CK, Tritschler HJ, Packer L. Modulation of cellular reducing equivalent homeostasis by alpha-lipoic acid. Mechanisms and implications for diabetes and ischemic injury. Biochem Pharmacol. 1997 Feb 7;53(3):393-9.

[198] Obrosova IG, Stevens MJ, Lang HJ. Diabetes-induced changes in retinal NAD-redox status: pharmacological modulation and implications for pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Pharmacology. 2001;62(3):172-80.

[199] Morre DM, Lenaz G, Morre DJ. Surface oxidase and oxidative stress propagation in aging. J Exp Biol. 2000 May;203 Pt 10:1513-21.

[200] de Grey AD. The reductive hotspot hypothesis of mammalian aging: membrane metabolism magnifies mutant mitochondrial mischief. Eur J Biochem. 2002 Apr;269(8):2003-9.

[201] Kozlov AV, Gille L, Staniek K, Nohl H. Dihydrolipoic acid maintains ubiquinone in the antioxidant active form by two-electron reduction of ubiquinone and one-electron reduction of ubisemiquinone. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1999 Mar 1;363(1):148-54.

[202] Seidman MD, Khan MJ, Bai U, Shirwany N, Quirk WS. Biologic activity of mitochondrial metabolites on aging and age-related hearing loss. Am J Otol. 2000 Mar;21(2):161-7.

[203] Personal communication, Dr. Tomas Prolla: 600 mg/kg diet, with mice eating 24g /week; peak BW for lipoic acid mice was 44.03 g. Calculations: Rodent dose: [600 mg LA/kg diet] * [0.024 kg diet/week]  / [7days/week] / [0.04403 kg BW] = 46.72 mg/kg BW. Metabolic scaling required: adjust by the -1/4 power of proportional body mass (see ( 207, 208,209, 210, 211)). 70 kg * [46.72 mg/kg BW] * [(70 kg / 0.04403 kg)-0.25] = 517.92 mg.

[204] Freisleben HJ, Neeb A, Lehr F, Ackermann H. Influence of selegiline or lipoic acid on the life expectancy of immunosuppressed mice. Arzneimittelforschung. 1997 Jun;47(6):776-80.

[205] Ames BN. Damage to mitochondria. Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence. 2000 Oct 1;Children’s Hospital of Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA. Transcript available at http://research.mednet.ucla.edu/pmts/sens/transbody.htm

[206] 0.2% or 0.1% (wt/wt) R(+) in AIN93M diet; 13.1 g food /day; body weight 415.5 g. 13100 [mg food] * {between 0.0002 and 0.0001 [mg RLA/mg food]} / 0.4155 kg rat) = 31.5 - 73 mg R(+)-LA/kg rat. For a 70 kg human, this is 2207-4414 mg. Adjusting for metabolic scaling: [Extrapolated dose] * [(70 kg/0.4155 kg)-0.25] = 612.6 - 1225.2 mg R(+)-LA.

[207] Rucker R, Storms D. Interspecies comparisons of micronutrient requirements: metabolic vs. absolute body size. J Nutr. 2002 Oct;132(10):2999-3000.

[208] Gillooly JF, Brown JH, West GB, Savage VM, Charnov EL. Effects of size and temperature on metabolic rate. Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2248-51.

[209] Mordenti J. Dosage regimen design for pharmaceutical studies conducted in animals. J Pharm Sci. 1986 Sep;75(9):852-7.

[210] Mordenti J. Man versus beast: pharmacokinetic scaling in mammals. J Pharm Sci. 1986 Nov;75(11):1028-40.

[211] Freireich EJ, Gehan EA, Rall DP, Schmidt LH, Skipper HE. Quantitative comparison of toxicity of anticancer agents in mouse, rat, hamster, dog, monkey, and man. Cancer Chemother Rep. 1966 May;50(4):219-44.

[212] Roth GS, Lane MA, Mattison JA, Ingram DK. Glycolysis and glucoregulation as targets for calorie restriction mimetics. J Am Aging Assoc. 2002 Jul;25(3):142(Abs45).

[213] http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2003/2003_preprint_bio_01.html

[214] http://www.juvenews.com/news1025biomarker.html

[215] http://lists.calorierestriction.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0305&L=crsociety&P=R25876

[216] Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, Nathan DM. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002 Feb 7;346(6):393-403.

[217] Binnert C, Seematter G, Tappy L, Giusti V. Effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in female obese patients with normal glucose tolerance. Diabetes Metab. 2003 Apr;29(2 Pt 1):125.

[218] Owen MR, Doran E, Halestrap AP. Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Biochem J. 2000 Jun 15;348 Pt 3:607-14.

[219] El-Mir MY, Nogueira V, Fontaine E, Averet N, Rigoulet M, Leverve X. Dimethylbiguanide inhibits cell respiration via an indirect effect targeted on the respiratory chain complex I. J Biol Chem. 2000 Jan 7;275(1):223-8.

[220] http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&safe=off&selm=8sqdmh%2482i%241%40pegasus.csx.cam.ac.uk

[221] Anderwald C, Koca G, Furnsinn C, Waldhausl W, Roden M. Inhibition of glucose production and stimulation of bile flow by R(+)-alpha-lipoic acid enantiomer in rat liver. Liver. 2002 Aug;22(4):355-62.

[222] Blumenthal SA. Inhibition of gluconeogenesis in rat liver by lipoic acid. Evidence for more than one site of action. Biochem J. 1984 May 1;219(3):773-80.

[223] http://www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/tca-cycle.html

[224] Bustamante J, Lodge JK, Marcocci L, Tritschler HJ, Packer L, Rihn BH. Alpha-lipoic acid in liver metabolism and disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 1998 Apr;24(6):1023-39.

[225] Khamaisi M, Potashnik R, Tirosh A, Demshchak E, Rudich A, Tritschler H, Wessel K, Bashan N. Lipoic acid reduces glycemia and increases muscle GLUT4 content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Metabolism. 1997 Jul;46(7):763-8.

[226] Konrad T, Vicini P, Kusterer K, et al. Alpha-Lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999 Feb;22(2):280-7.

[227] http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/rxdrugprofiles/drugs/glu1188.shtml

[228] http://www.lef.org/featured-articles/metformin_dosage.html

[229] Pamplona R, Barja G, Portero-Otin M. Membrane fatty acid unsaturation, protection against oxidative stress, and maximum life span: a homeoviscous-longevity adaptation? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:475-90.

[230] http://lists.calorierestriction.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0108&L=crsociety&P=R67549

[231] Singh RB, Dubnov G, Niaz MA, Ghosh S, Singh R, Rastogi SS, Manor O, Pella D, Berry EM. Effect of an Indo-Mediterranean diet on progression of coronary artery disease in high risk patients (Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart Study): a randomized single-blind trial. Lancet. 2002 Nov 9;360(9344):1455-61.

[232] Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Rastogi V, Moshiri M. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1997 Jul;11(3):485-91.

[233] Marckmann P, Gronbaek M. Fish consumption and coronary heart disease mortality. A systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1999 Aug;53(8):585-90.

[234] Siscovick DS, Lemaitre RN, Mozaffarian D. The fish story: a diet-heart hypothesis with clinical implications: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, myocardial vulnerability, and sudden death. Circulation. 2003 Jun 3;107(21):2632-4.

[235] Beuchat CA, Chong CR. Hyperglycemia in hummingbirds and its consequences for hemoglobin glycation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 1998 Jul;120(3):409-16.

[236] Sell DR, Lane MA, Johnson WA, et al. Longevity and the genetic determination of collagen glycoxidation kinetics in mammalian senescence. PNAS. 1996 Jan 9;93(1):485-90.

[237] Sell DR, Kleinman NR, Monnier VM. Longitudinal determination of skin collagen glycation and glycoxidation rates predicts early death in C57BL/6NNIA mice. FASEB J. 2000 Jan;14(1):145-56.

[238] Khalifah RG, Baynes JW, Hudson BG. Amadorins: novel post-Amadori inhibitors of advanced glycation reactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Apr 13;257(2):251-8.

[239] Lehman TD, Ortwerth BJ. Inhibitors of advanced glycation end product-associated protein cross-linking. Biochim Biophys Acta 2001 Feb 14;1535(2):110-9

[240] Price DL, Rhett PM, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Chelating activity of advanced glycation end-product inhibitors. J Biol Chem. 2001 Dec 28;276(52):48967-72.

[241] Yeargans GS, Seidler NW. Carnosine promotes the heat denaturation of glycated protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Jan 3;300(1):75-80.

[242] Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, Ruiz E, Ferro A.  Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:285-94.

[243] Sell DR, Nelson JF, Monnier VM. Effect of chronic aminoguanidine treatment on age-related glycation, glycoxidation, and collagen cross-linking in the Fischer 344 rat. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001 Sep;56(9):B405-11.

[244] Singh R, Barden A, Mori T, Beilin L. Advanced glycation end-products: a review. Diabetologia. 2001 Feb;44(2):129-46.

[245] Booth AA, Khalifah RG, Hudson BG. Thiamine pyrophosphate and pyridoxamine inhibit the formation of antigenic advanced glycation end-products: comparison with aminoguanidine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1996 Mar 7;220(1):113-9.

[246] Alderson NL, Chachich ME, Youssef NN, Beattie RJ, Nachtigal M, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits lipemia and development of renal and vascular disease in Zucker obese rats. Kidney Int. 2003 Jun;63(6):2123-33.

[247] Stitt A, Gardiner TA, Alderson NL, et al. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits development of retinopathy in experimental diabetes. Diabetes. 2002 Sep;51(9):2826-32.

[248] Nagaraj RH, Sarkar P, Mally A, Biemel KM, Lederer MO, Padayatti PS. Effect of pyridoxamine on chemical modification of proteins by carbonyls in diabetic rats: characterization of a major product from the reaction of pyridoxamine and methylglyoxal. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2002 Jun 1;402(1):110-9.

[249] Degenhardt TP, Alderson NL, Arrington DD, et al. Pyridoxamine inhibits early renal disease and dyslipidemia in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Kidney Int. 2002 Mar;61(3):939-50.

[250] Zheng F, Leclercq B, Elliot SJ, Striker LJ, Striker JE. Reduction of Glomerular Lesions and Albuminuria in db/db Mice with Established Diabetic Nephropathy Following Pyridoxamine Treatment. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Sep;13:SU-P0329.

[251] Baynes JW, Degenhardt TP, Alderson NL, Thorpe SR. Pyridorin, a post-Amadori inhibitor of advanced glycation reactions, preserves renal function in diabetic rats. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Sep;9(Suppl 1):628A(A3210).

[252] Degenhardt TP, Khalifah RG, Schotzinger RJ. Pharmacokinetics of oral Pyridorin, a novel AGE inhibitor, in human subjects. Diabetes. 2002 Jun;51(Suppl 2):A185(Abs750P).

[253] Degenhardt TP, Khalifah RG, Klaich GM, Schotzinger RG. Pharmacokinetics, Tolerability and Biologic Activity of Oral Pyridorin, a Novel AGE Inhibitor, in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes and Diabetic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002 Sep;13(Suppl):652A(AbsSU-P0893).

[254] Windebank AJ. Neurotoxicity of pyridoxine analogs is related to coenzyme structure. Neurochem Pathol. 1985 Fall;3(3):159-67.

[255] Wei IL. The influence of dietary restriction on vitamin B-6 vitamer distribution and on vitamin B-6 metabolizing enzymes in rats. J Am Coll Nutr. 1999 Apr;18(2):144-51.

[256] Loew D. Pharmacokinetics of thiamine derivatives especially of benfotiamine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1996 Feb;34(2):47-50.

[257] Gleiter CH, Schreeb KH, Freudenthaler S. Comparative bioavailability of two vitamin B1 preparations: Benfotiamin and thiamin mononitrate. In Gries FA, Federlin K. Benfotiamin in the Therapy of Polyneuropathy. New York: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1998;29-33.

[258] Frank T, Bitsch R, Maiwald J, Stein G. High thiamin diphosphate concentrations in erythrocytes can be achieved in dialysis patients by oral administration of Benfotiaminntiamine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2000 Jun;56(3):251-7.

[259] Greb A, Bitsch R. Comparative bioavailability of various thiamin derivatives after oral administration. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Apr;36(4):216-21.

[260] Hammes HP, Du X, Edelstein D, Taguchi T, Matsumura T, Ju Q, Lin J, Bierhaus A, Nawroth P, Hannak D, Neumaier M, Bergfeld R, Giardino I, Brownlee M. Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy. Nat Med. 2003 Mar;9(3):294-9.

[261] Thornalley PJ. Glycation in diabetic neuropathy: characteristics, consequences, causes, and therapeutic options. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2002;50:37-57.

[262] Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature. 2001 Dec 13;414(6865):813-20.

[263] Lin J, Alt A, Liersch J, Bretzel RG, Brownlee MA, Hammes HP. Benfotiamin inhibits intracellular formation of advanced glycation endproducts in vivo. Diabetes. 2000 May;49(Suppl1):A143(P583). Supplementary material from original presentation poster.

[264] Stracke H, Hammes HP, Werkmann D, Mavrakis K, Bitsch I, Netzel M, Geyer J, Kopcke W, Sauerland C, Bretzel RG, Federlin KF. Efficacy of Benfotiamin versus thiamin on function and glycation products of peripheral nerves in diabetic rats. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001;109(6):330-6.

[265] Barkai L, Feher A, Vamosi I, Kempler P. Treatment of diabetic sensory neuropathy in children and adolescents with a Benfotiamin combination. In Gries FA, Federlin K. Benfotiamin in the Therapy of Polyneuropathy. New York: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1998;77-82.

[266] Stracke H, Lindemann A, Federlin K. A Benfotiamin-vitamin B combination in treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 1996;104(4):311-6.

[267] Haupt E, Ledermann H, Kopcke W. Diabetic polyneuropathy: the effectiveness of Benfotiamin in Pain. In Gries FA, Federlin K. Benfotiamin in the Therapy of Polyneuropathy. New York: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1998;61-4.

[268] Winkler G, Pal B, Nagybeganyi E, Ory I, Porochnavec M, Kempler P. Effectiveness of different Benfotiamin dosage regimens in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Arzneimittelforschung. 1999 Mar;49(3):220-4.

[269] Sadekov RA, Danilov AB, Vein AM. Diabetic polyneuropathy treatment by milgamma-100 preparation. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1998;98(9):30-2.

[270] Jermendy G. Diabetic polyneuropathy: results of an open multicenter study. In Gries FA, Federlin K. Benfotiamin in the Therapy of Polyneuropathy. New York: Georg Thieme Verlag, 1998;71-6.

[271] Simeonov S, Pavlova M, Mitkov M, Mincheva L, Troev D. Therapeutic efficacy of “Milgamma” in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1997;39(4):5-10.

[272] Ledermann H, Wiedey KD. Treatment of manifest diabetic polyneuropathy. Therapeutic effect of a neurotropic vitamin B1-B6-B12 combination. Therapiewoche. 1989;39(20):1445-9.

[273] Babaei-Jadidi R, Karachalias N, Thornalley PJ. Prevention of nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by thiamine. Diabetes. 2002 Jun;51 Suppl 2:A183(Abs742P). And personal communication, Dr. Paul J. Thornalley.

[274] Hammes HP, Bretzel RG, Federlin K, Horiuchi S, Niwa T, Stracke H. Benfotiamin inhibits the formation of advanced glycation endproducts in diabetic rats. Diabetologia. 1998 Aug;41(Supp 1):A301(1164).

[275] Weninger M, Xi Z, Lubec B, Szalay S, Hoger H, Lubec G. L-arginine reduces glomerular basement membrane collagen N epsilon-carboxymethyllysine in the diabetic db/db mouse. Nephron. 1992;62(1):80-3.

[276] Geogescu A, Popov D. Age-dependent accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts is accelerated in combined hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, a process attenuated by L-arginine. J Amer Aging Assoc. 2000 Jan;23(1):23-30.

[277] Lubec B, Golej J, Marx M, Weninger M, Hoeger H. L-arginine reduces kidney lipid peroxidation, glycoxidation and collagen accumulation in the aging NMRI mouse. Ren Physiol Biochem. 1995 Mar-Apr;18(2):97-102.

[278] Khaidar A, Marx M, Lubec B, Lubec G. L-arginine reduces heart collagen accumulation in the diabetic db/db mouse. Circulation. 1994 Jul;90(1):479-83.

[279] Lubec G, Vierhapper H, Bailey AJ, Damjancic P, Fashing P, Sims TJ, Kampel D, Popow C, Bartosch B. Influence of L-arginine on glucose-mediated collagen cross link precursors in patients with diabetes mellitus. Amino acids. 1991;1:73-80.

[280] Contreras I, Reiser KM, Martinez N, et al. Effects of aspirin or basic amino acids on collagen cross-links and complications in NIDDM. Diabetes Care. 1997 May;20(5):832-5.

[281] Beisswenger PJ, Howell SK, O'Dell RM, Wood ME, Touchette AD, Szwergold BS. Alpha-Dicarbonyls increase in the postprandial period and reflect the degree of hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care. 2001 Apr;24(4):726-32.

[282] Hekimi S, Guarente L. Genetics and the specificity of the aging process. Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1351-4.

[283] Anderson RM, Bitterman KJ, Wood JG, Medvedik O, Sinclair DA. Nicotinamide and PNC1 govern lifespan extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature. 2003 May 8;423(6936):181-5.

[284] Sinclair DA. Paradigms and pitfalls of yeast longevity research. Mech Ageing Dev. 2002 Apr 30;123(8):857-67.

[285] Tatar M, Bartke A, Antebi A. The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals. Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1346-51.

[286] Brown-Borg HM, Johnson WT, Rakoczy SG, Romanick MA. Mitochondrial oxidant production and oxidative damage in Ames dwarf mice. J Am Aging Assoc. 2002 Jul; 24(3):85-96.

[287] Shimokawa I, Higami Y, Tsuchiya T, Otani H, Komatsu T, Chiba T, Yamaza H. Lifespan extension by reduction of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis: relation to caloric restriction. FASEB J. 2003 Apr 8 [epub ahead of print]

[288] Miller RA, Chang Y, Galecki AT, Al-Regaiey K, Kopchick JJ, Bartke A. Gene expression patterns in calorically restricted mice: partial overlap with long-lived mutant mice. Mol Endocrinol. 2002 Nov;16(11):2657-66.

[289] Bartke A, Wright JC, Mattison JA, Ingram DK, Miller RA, Roth GS. Extending the lifespan of long-lived mice. Nature. 2001 Nov 22;414(6862):412.

[290] Monnier VM, Obrenovich ME. Vitamin B1 Blocks Damage Caused by Hyperglycemia. Will thiamine offer a simple solution to complications of diabetes? Science's SAGE KE (12 March 2003), http://sageke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sageke;2003/10/pe6

[291] Lawen A, Martinus RD, McMullen GL, Nagley P, Vaillant F, Wolvetang EJ, Linnane AW. The universality of bioenergetic disease: the role of mitochondrial mutation and the putative inter-relationship between mitochondria and plasma membrane NADH oxidoreductase. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15 Suppl:s13-27.

[292] Dallner G, Sindelar PJ. Regulation of ubiquinone metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000 Aug;29(3-4):285-94.

[293] Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen A, Willis R, Folkers K. Treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Mol Aspects Med. 1997;18 Suppl:S145-51.

[294] Bliznakov EG. Coenzyme Q, the immune system, and aging. In Folkers K, Yamamura Y (eds). Biomedical and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme Q. Volume 3. 1981;Elsevier/North-Holland Press, 311-21.

[295] Scaling calculations: [70 kg/0.6 kg]-0.25 * 70 kg * = 0.304.

[296] Lonnrot K, Holm P, Lagerstedt A, Huhtala H, Alho H. The effects of lifelong ubiquinone Q10 supplementation on the Q9 and Q10 tissue concentrations and life span of male rats and mice. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1998 Apr;44(4):727-37.

[297] Lonnrot K, Holm P, Lagerstedt A, Huhtala H, Alho H. The effects of lifelong ubiquinone Q10 supplementation on the Q9 and Q10 tissue concentrations and life span of male rats and mice. Biochem Mol Biol Int. 1998 Apr;44(4):727-37.

[298] Coles LS, Harris SB. Coenzyme Q-10 and lifespan extension.In Klatz RM, Kovarik FA, Goldman R (eds). Advances in Anti-Aging Medicine. Volume 1. 1996; Larchmont, NY: Mary Ann Liebert, 205-15.

[299] Larsen PL, Clarke CF. Extension of life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans by a diet lacking coenzyme Q. Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):120-3.

[300] http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&safe=off&selm=a16s2i%24in7%241%40pegasus.csx.cam.ac.uk

[301] Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes 35 (2): 181-191, April 2003 Mitochondrial Dysfunctions During Aging: Vitamin E Deficiency or Caloric Restriction–Two Different Ways of Modulating Stress Tatiana

[302] Willis RA, Anthony M, Loop R, Llanes C, Folkers K. The effect of ethanol and/or food restriction on coenzyme Q in liver in rats. Mol Aspects Med. 1997;18 Suppl:S205-11.

[303] Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen A, Willis R, Folkers K. Treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with coenzyme Q10. Mol Aspects Med. 1997;18 Suppl:S145-51.

[304] Khatta M, Alexander BS, Krichten CM, Fisher ML, Freudenberger R, Robinson SW, Gottlieb SS. The effect of coenzyme Q10 in patients with congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Apr 18;132(8):636-40.

[305] Shults CW, Oakes D, Kieburtz K, et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: evidence of slowing of the functional decline. Arch Neurol. 2002 Oct;59(10):1541-50.

[306] Judy WV. Progress report. Coenzyme Q10 – prostate cancer research program. 1998 Oct 24. Unpublished.

[307] McFarland GA, Holliday R. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human diploid fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp Cell Res. 1994 Jun;212(2):167-75.

[308] McFarland GA, Holliday R. Further evidence for the rejuvenating effects of the dipeptide L-carnosine on cultured human diploid fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol. 1999 Jan;34(1):35-45.

[309] Krtolica A, Parrinello S, Lockett S, Desprez PY, Campisi J. Senescent fibroblasts promote epithelial cell growth and tumorigenesis: a link between cancer and aging. PNAS. 2001 Oct 9;98(21):12072-7.

[310] Holliday R, McFarland GA. Inhibition of the growth of transformed and neoplastic cells by the dipeptide carnosine. Br J Cancer. 1996 Apr;73(8):966-71.

[311] McFarland G, Holliday R. Differential response of embryonic stem cells and teratocarcinoma cells to carnosine. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1999 Jan;35(1):15-6.

[312] Yuneva MO, Bulygina ER, Gallant SC, Kramarenko GG, Stvolinsky SL, Semyonova ML, Boldyrev AA. Effect of carnosine on age-induced changes in senescence-accelerated mice J Anti-Aging Med. 1999 Winter;2(4):337-42.

[313] Boldyrev AA, Yuneva MO, Sorokina EV, Kramarenko GG, Fedorova TN, Konovalova GG, Lankin VZ. Antioxidant systems in tissues of senescence accelerated mice. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2001 Oct;66(10):1157-63.

[314] Stvolinskii SL, Kuklei ML, Bulygina ER, Gallant SC, Boldyrev AA. The effect of carnosine on rats during experimental brain ischemia. Dokl Biol Sci. 2000 Mar-Apr;371(1-6):105-8.

[315] Stvolinsky S, Kukley M, Dobrota D, Mezesova V, Boldyrev A. Carnosine protects rats under global ischemia. Brain Res Bull. 2000 Nov 1;53(4):445-8.

[316] Gallant S, Kukley M, Stvolinsky S, Bulygina E, Boldyrev A. Effect of carnosine on rats under experimental brain ischemia. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2000 Jun;191(2):85-99.

[317] Maynard LM, Boissonneault GA, Chow CK, Bruckner GG. High levels of dietary carnosine are associated with increased concentrations of carnosine and histidine in rat soleus muscle. J Nutr. 2001 Feb;131(2):287-90.

[318] Boissonneault GA, Hardwick TA, Bogardus SL, Chan WK, Tatum V, Glauert HP, Chow CK, Decker EA. Interactions between carnosine and vitamin E in mammary cancer risk determination. Nutr Res. 1998 Apr;18(4):723-33.

[319] Chan WK, Decker EA, Chow CK, Boissonneault GA. Effect of dietary carnosine on plasma and tissue antioxidant concentrations and on lipid oxidation in rat skeletal muscle. Lipids. 1994 Jul;29(7):461-6.

[320] Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ. Carnosine, the anti-ageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Sep 15;122(13):1431-45.

[321] Tamaki N, Funatsuka A, Fujimoto S, Hama T. The utilization of carnosine in rats fed on a histidine-free diet and its effect on the levels of tissue histidine and carnosine. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1984 Dec;30(6):541-51.

[322] Jackson MC, Kucera CM, Lenney JF. Purification and properties of human serum carnosinase. Clin Chim Acta. 1991 Feb 15;196(2-3):193-205.

[323] Pegova A, Abe H, Boldyrev A. Hydrolysis of carnosine and related compounds by mammalian carnosinases. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2000 Dec;127(4):443-6.

[324] Gardner ML, Illingworth KM, Kelleher J, Wood D. Intestinal absorption of the intact peptide carnosine in man, and comparison with intestinal permeability to lactulose. J Physiol 1991 Aug;439:411-22

[325] Asatoor AM, Bandoh JK, Lant AF, Milne MD, Navab F. Intestinal absorption of carnosine and its constituent amino acids in man. Gut. 1970 Mar;11(3):250-4.

[326] http://www.antiaging-systems.com/extract/carnosinetrial.htm

[327] Ferraris RP, Diamond J, Kwan WW. Dietary regulation of intestinal transport of the dipeptide carnosine. Am J Physiol 1988 Aug;255(2 Pt 1):G143-50

[328] Tamaki N, Harada M, Hama T. Effect of dietary methionine level on anserine and carnosine contents in the gastrocnemius muscle of rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 1978;24(3):279-87.

[329] Dyer J, Beechey RB, Gorvel JP, Smith RT, Wootton R, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Glycyl-L-proline transport in rabbit enterocyte basolateral-membrane vesicles. Biochem J 1990 Aug 1;269(3):565-71

[330] Montgomery SA, Thal LJ, Amrein R. Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Mar;18(2):61-71.

[331] Lino A, Boccia MM, Rusconi AC, Bellomonte L, Cocuroccia B. Psycho-functional changes in attention and learning under the action of L-acetylcarnitine in 17 young subjects. A pilot study of its use in mental deterioration. Clin Ter. 1992 Jun;140(6):569-73.

[332] Liu J, Atamna H, Kuratsune H, Ames BN. Delaying brain mitochondrial decay and aging with mitochondrial antioxidants and metabolites. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:133-66.

[333] Hagen TM, Moreau R, Suh JH, Visioli F. Mitochondrial decay in the aging rat heart: evidence for improvement by dietary supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine and/or lipoic acid. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002 Apr;959:491-507.

[334] Liu J, Head E, Gharib AM, Yuan W, Ingersoll RT, Hagen TM, Cotman CW, Ames BN. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha-lipoic acid. PNAS. 2002 Feb 19;99(4):2356-61.

[335] Markowska AL, Ingram DK, Barnes CA, Spangler EL, Lemken VJ, Kametani H, Yee W, Olton DS. Acetyl-1-carnitine. 1: Effects on mortality, pathology and sensory-motor performance in aging rats. Neurobiol Aging. 1990 Sep-Oct;11(5):491-8.

[336] Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Wehr CM, Lykkesfeldt J, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Song MH, Ames BN. Acetyl-L-carnitine fed to old rats partially restores mitochondrial function and ambulatory activity. PNAS. 1998 Aug 4;95(16):9562-6.

[337] Using raw data from ( 334) (inadequate reporting in (336)),18.4 [mL H2O/day] * {0.015 [g ALCAR/mL H2O]} / 0.4155 kg BW) * 70 kg human = 46.5 g. Metabolic scaling: * [70 kg/0.4155 kg]-0.25 = 12.9 g. 0.002 to 0.005

[338] Drew B, Phaneuf S, Dirks A, Selman C, Gredilla R, Lezza A, Barja G, Leeuwenburgh C. Effects of aging and caloric restriction on mitochondrial energy production in gastrocnemius muscle and heart. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003 Feb;284(2):R474-80.

[339] Herrero A, Barja G. Effect of aging on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA oxidative damage in the heart and brain throughout the life-span of the rat. J Am Aging Assoc. 2001;24:45–50.

Top of Page | PREVIOUS: Tier III